Tuesday, 15 July 2025

The Importance of Piping Spool Fabrication in the UAE: How It Shapes Industrial Projects

 In the bustling industrial landscape of the UAE, efficiency and precision are key. Whether you're involved in construction, oil and gas, or power generation, every project relies on robust infrastructure that works seamlessly. One of the essential elements in these complex systems is piping spool fabrication, a process that ensures the pipes and associated components fit together perfectly before they reach the job site.

If you’re new to piping spool fabrication or want to better understand its importance, you’re in the right place. This blog will dive into the details of piping spool fabrication, its role in industrial processes, and why it's indispensable in large-scale projects like those found in the UAE. We’ll also explore how heavy structural steel fabrication companies in the UAE and pressure vessel fabrication contribute to the overall success of piping systems.

piping spool fabrication


Understanding Piping Spool Fabrication: A Key to Successful Piping Systems

Piping spool fabrication is the process of assembling various sections of pipe, fittings, flanges, and valves into pre-fabricated spools. These spools are then delivered to the construction site where they are installed as part of a larger piping system. Essentially, the goal is to create the piping assembly in a controlled environment before it's shipped to the project site, saving time and ensuring high-quality standards are met.

The beauty of this process lies in its ability to optimize the workflow of large-scale industrial projects. Instead of fabricating pipes and fittings on-site, which can lead to delays and errors, piping spool fabrication ensures that everything fits together correctly ahead of time. When the spools arrive on site, they’re ready to be quickly installed, minimizing downtime and improving the overall efficiency of the construction project.

In industries like oil and gas or water treatment, where systems often involve high pressures and hazardous materials, the need for precision and reliability is even more critical. A single faulty joint can lead to catastrophic failures, making piping spool fabrication an essential step in guaranteeing system integrity.

The Role of Heavy Structural Steel Fabrication Companies in the UAE

When discussing piping systems, it's not just about the pipes themselves. The support structures that hold these pipes, such as supports, frames, and brackets, are just as important. This is where heavy structural steel fabrication companies in UAE play a crucial role. These companies specialize in designing and manufacturing the heavy steel components that are used to support piping systems.

Steel is a favored material in industrial fabrication due to its strength and durability. Given the demanding nature of the UAE’s industrial projects, which often involve massive structures in extreme weather conditions, steel provides the robustness needed for long-lasting performance.

Heavy structural steel fabrication is a highly technical process, requiring precise calculations and sophisticated equipment. Steel beams, frames, and supports must be engineered to handle the specific stresses and loads they’ll experience during operation. Additionally, they must be fabricated with exacting standards to ensure they fit seamlessly with the rest of the piping system.

Steel fabrication companies in the UAE have the expertise and technology to create these components with incredible accuracy. They use advanced welding techniques, laser cutting, and robotic machinery to fabricate steel supports that can withstand the harsh conditions found in many industrial environments. These structural elements not only support piping systems but also ensure they remain secure and stable throughout their operational life.

Pressure Vessel Fabrication: The Backbone of Industrial Systems

Another crucial aspect of many piping systems is the pressure vessel, a specialized container designed to hold fluids or gases under high pressure. These vessels are used in industries such as petrochemical, oil and gas, and power generation. They are often part of more extensive systems, including chemical reactors, heat exchangers, or storage tanks.

Pressure vessel fabrication requires a high level of precision. The materials used must be able to withstand extreme pressures and temperatures without compromising safety or integrity. This is where pressure vessel fabrication companies come in, specializing in the creation of these high-stakes components.


Read More:- Fuel tank manufacturers in UAE | Berg Industries LLC


In the UAE, pressure vessel fabrication is vital to a variety of sectors, particularly the energy and chemical industries. Companies that specialize in pressure vessel fabrication are highly skilled in designing, welding, and testing pressure vessels to meet stringent safety standards and regulatory requirements. This involves selecting the right materials, ensuring precise welds, and conducting extensive tests to verify the vessel's strength and durability.

By incorporating these pressure vessels into the piping systems, companies ensure that the overall infrastructure is capable of handling the high-pressure demands of modern industrial operations. These vessels must be meticulously integrated with the rest of the piping system, requiring close coordination between piping spool fabrication and pressure vessel fabrication specialists.

Why Piping Spool Fabrication is Vital for UAE’s Industrial Growth

The UAE’s rapid industrial development—spanning oil and gas, infrastructure, and energy—requires precise and reliable piping systems. Piping spool fabrication is an essential part of this process, offering several advantages:

1. Cost Efficiency

Piping spool fabrication saves time and money by reducing errors and rework. On-site fabrication is often time-consuming and prone to human error, which can lead to costly mistakes. By fabricating the spools ahead of time in a controlled environment, these risks are mitigated, leading to more predictable and cost-effective project timelines.

2. Improved Quality and Precision

One of the main benefits of piping spool fabrication is the ability to perform quality checks before the system reaches the construction site. This ensures that all components meet the required specifications and regulatory standards. With specialized equipment and experienced fabricators handling the process, the final product is guaranteed to be high-quality and fit for purpose.

3. Reduced Installation Time

Since the piping spools arrive on-site pre-fabricated and ready to be installed, the amount of time spent on installation is significantly reduced. This accelerated installation process leads to quicker project completion and helps keep large-scale projects on schedule, which is especially important in fast-paced industries like oil and gas.

4. Enhanced Safety

A major benefit of piping spool fabrication is the increased focus on safety. The controlled environment in which spools are fabricated allows for more rigorous testing, reducing the risk of safety hazards once the piping system is installed. Given that industrial projects in the UAE often involve hazardous materials, ensuring the safety of the entire system is paramount.

5. Customization for Complex Projects

Piping systems aren’t one-size-fits-all, especially when dealing with large, complex industrial projects. Piping spool fabrication allows for customization, as each spool can be tailored to meet the unique needs of the project. Whether the system requires specific fittings, valves, or pipe lengths, the flexibility of fabrication ensures that all elements align perfectly.


Read More:- Top Steel Fabrication Companies in UAE | BERG Industries


The Future of Piping Spool Fabrication in the UAE

As the UAE continues to grow as a global industrial hub, the demand for efficient and reliable piping systems will only increase. Advances in technology are making piping spool fabrication even more efficient, with the integration of automation, 3D modeling, and digital twin technologies.

Automation in welding, cutting, and assembly is already streamlining the fabrication process, ensuring precision and reducing labor costs. Additionally, the use of 3D modeling and simulation software allows for virtual testing of piping systems before fabrication begins, ensuring that potential issues are identified early in the process.

As the industrial sector becomes increasingly focused on sustainability and environmental responsibility, there is also a growing emphasis on using environmentally friendly materials and reducing waste in fabrication processes. This shift towards sustainability will likely drive further innovation in piping spool fabrication and other industrial fabrication processes.

Conclusion

Piping spool fabrication plays a central role in ensuring the success of large-scale industrial projects in the UAE. It enhances efficiency, reduces costs, improves safety, and ensures the quality and precision of piping systems. When combined with the expertise of heavy structural steel fabrication companies and pressure vessel fabricators, it contributes to building robust, high-performing infrastructure that meets the rigorous demands of industries like oil and gas, energy, and manufacturing.

As the UAE’s industrial landscape continues to evolve, the future of piping spool fabrication looks bright, with emerging technologies and sustainability practices poised to further enhance the capabilities and efficiency of these essential systems. For businesses operating in the UAE, understanding the value of piping spool fabrication and choosing the right partners can make all the difference in the success of their projects.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is piping spool fabrication?
Piping spool fabrication is the process of pre-assembling pipes, fittings, valves, and flanges into spools that are then shipped to the construction site for installation. It improves efficiency, reduces errors, and ensures high-quality piping systems.

2. Why is steel used in the fabrication of piping spools?
Steel is used in piping spool fabrication because of its strength, durability, and resistance to high temperatures and pressures. Steel is ideal for creating piping systems that need to withstand harsh industrial environments.

3. How do heavy structural steel fabrication companies contribute to piping spool fabrication?
Heavy structural steel fabrication companies provide the steel supports, frames, and other components that hold the piping system in place. These structural elements are essential for ensuring the stability and durability of the entire system.

4. What is the role of pressure vessel fabrication in industrial piping systems?
Pressure vessel fabrication involves creating containers that hold fluids or gases under high pressure. These vessels are integrated into piping systems and are critical for industries like oil and gas and power generation.

5. How does piping spool fabrication save time and money?
Piping spool fabrication reduces installation time by delivering pre-assembled spools to the site. This eliminates on-site fabrication, reduces errors, and ensures that the piping system can be installed quickly and efficiently, keeping projects on schedule and within budget.


Saturday, 12 July 2025

How Steel and Piping Fabrication Drive Industrial Storage Efficiency

In today’s fast-evolving industrial world, efficient and reliable storage solutions are critical to the success of any large-scale operation. Whether you’re operating in oil and gas, petrochemicals, or manufacturing, the ability to safely and efficiently store materials is a defining factor in project performance. From fuel and chemicals to waste and critical equipment, industrial storage systems must be built to the highest standards of safety, accessibility, and durability.

As a professional in the field, you know that effective storage isn’t simply about space—it’s about functionality, environmental control, and secure access. Whether it's large-capacity storage tanks, silos, or fully integrated inventory management systems, storage infrastructure forms the backbone of daily operations. Achieving this requires more than just basic construction—it demands the integration of precision-engineered steel and piping fabrication.

That’s why many industries in the UAE rely on experienced providers who specialize in both steel and piping fabrication to deliver tailored storage solutions. These services ensure your systems are built to last, compliant with industrial codes, and capable of supporting operational efficiency.

storage solutions


In this article, we’ll examine how steel fabrication companies in Sharjah and piping fabrication expertise contribute to designing and building advanced storage systems. We'll also discuss why selecting the right fabrication partner is crucial to enhancing storage reliability and long-term performance—especially within the growing industrial landscape of the UAE. 

The Importance of Storage Solutions in Modern Industries

Storage solutions are critical components for industries like oil and gas, petrochemicals, and food processing, where large volumes of materials need to be safely contained and easily accessed. The UAE, being an industrial powerhouse, requires high-quality, durable storage systems to handle the increasing demands placed on industries in the region. These storage solutions need to be adaptable to various materials, withstand harsh environmental conditions, and support the unique operational needs of each sector.


Click here for more information:- INDUSTRIAL PROCESS UTILITIES SYSTEMS


Here’s why storage solutions play such a crucial role:

  1. Safety and Compliance: Many materials that require storage—such as chemicals, fuels, or hazardous substances—pose significant safety risks if not properly contained. Fabricating storage systems that comply with international safety standards ensures not only the protection of your workers but also the environment. This is especially important in the UAE, where industries such as oil and gas face increased scrutiny around environmental and safety concerns.

  2. Efficiency: Efficient storage solutions help streamline your operations by reducing time spent locating materials and minimizing the risk of contamination. They ensure that your materials are stored in optimal conditions and remain easily accessible when needed.

  3. Durability and Strength: Industrial storage systems often need to handle heavy-duty materials and extreme conditions. Whether you are storing liquid fuels or raw chemicals, the storage system must be able to withstand high pressures, temperature variations, and corrosion. Steel fabrication companies in Sharjah offer expertise in designing and manufacturing steel-based storage systems that ensure long-term durability and reliability.

The Role of Steel Fabrication in Storage Solutions

Steel fabrication is a critical service when it comes to building storage systems for heavy-duty applications. The strength and durability of steel make it the material of choice for constructing storage tanks, silos, and other large industrial storage systems. In a place like Sharjah, where industrial growth is rampant, steel fabrication companies have become an integral part of the manufacturing landscape, providing services that support the development of reliable storage solutions.

Steel fabrication involves designing, cutting, welding, and assembling steel components into the required shapes and sizes. In the context of storage solutions, this could mean building tanks, piping systems, structural support systems, and even custom storage units tailored to your project’s needs.


Click here for more information:- THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE TANKS


Key benefits of steel fabrication for storage solutions include:

  1. Strength and Durability: Steel is resistant to corrosion, heat, and pressure, making it ideal for constructing storage tanks and other large industrial components. When you choose steel fabrication for your storage solutions, you are investing in systems that can withstand harsh environmental conditions and heavy-duty use.

  2. Customizability: Steel fabrication allows for the creation of custom storage solutions designed specifically for your needs. Whether you need a tank to store chemicals, a silo for bulk materials, or specialized storage containers, steel can be molded into virtually any form to meet your operational requirements.

  3. Scalability: Steel structures can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of your project. As industries continue to expand in the UAE, steel fabrication provides the flexibility required to adapt your storage systems as needed.

  4. Cost-Effectiveness: While the initial investment in steel may seem high, the long-term benefits of durability and minimal maintenance costs make steel storage systems a cost-effective choice over time.

Piping Fabrication: A Vital Component in Storage Solutions

Piping fabrication is another crucial aspect of industrial storage solutions, particularly for industries that require the safe and controlled transport of fluids or gases. In industries like oil and gas, petrochemicals, and water treatment, fabricated piping systems are necessary to move substances in and out of storage tanks or other storage units.

Piping fabrication refers to the process of designing, cutting, welding, and assembling pipes that are then installed as part of a larger system. In storage solutions, fabricated pipes ensure that materials can be easily transferred without the risk of leaks, spills, or contamination. This is especially important in industries that handle hazardous substances, where maintaining the integrity of the storage system is vital for both safety and efficiency.

How piping fabrication plays a role in storage solutions:

  1. Safety and Sealing: Properly fabricated piping systems ensure that fluids and gases are transferred safely and securely. For example, in the oil and gas industry, fabricated piping systems ensure that flammable liquids are stored and transported safely without the risk of leakage.

  2. Custom Design: Piping fabrication services can create custom pipes and fittings that suit the specific needs of your storage system. Whether you need pipes to withstand extreme temperatures or pressures, the fabrication process ensures that these components are made to fit your requirements perfectly.

  3. Minimizing Downtime: Custom fabrication of piping systems can streamline your operations by reducing the need for frequent repairs or replacements. With the right piping system in place, your storage solution will work efficiently without interruptions, contributing to smoother operations.

  4. Compliance with Regulations: Just like with steel fabrication, piping fabrication must adhere to strict regulations. Choosing a reputable company to design and manufacture your piping system ensures that it meets all industry standards for safety and performance.

Steel Fabrication Companies in Sharjah: Leading the Way in Storage Solutions

When it comes to implementing high-quality storage solutions, partnering with the right fabrication company is essential. Steel fabrication companies in Sharjah have become known for their ability to deliver customized, robust, and durable storage solutions designed to meet the unique needs of industries across the UAE.

Sharjah, with its strategic location, is home to many world-class steel fabrication companies offering cutting-edge solutions. These companies employ the latest technologies, including advanced welding and cutting techniques, to create storage systems that are both high in quality and cost-effective. The experience and expertise of these companies make them ideal partners for businesses looking to optimize their storage solutions.

Key qualities to look for when choosing a steel fabrication company in Sharjah include:

  1. Expertise in Industry-Specific Solutions: Steel fabrication companies in Sharjah typically specialize in different types of industrial applications, including storage tanks, silos, and pressure vessels. It's crucial to select a company that understands the specific demands of your industry.

  2. Customization: A great fabrication company will be able to design and manufacture custom storage systems that are tailor-made to meet your needs, whether it’s for storing chemicals, oils, or raw materials.

  3. Quality Control: Leading fabrication companies in Sharjah ensure that their products undergo strict quality control measures, guaranteeing that each storage system is built to withstand demanding operational conditions.

Integrating Steel Fabrication and Piping Fabrication for Comprehensive Storage Solutions

The combination of steel fabrication and piping fabrication offers a comprehensive solution for building integrated storage systems. Steel structures provide the physical integrity and durability required for large-scale storage, while fabricated piping systems ensure that materials can be safely and efficiently transferred to and from storage.

Working with a fabrication company that can handle both aspects allows for streamlined project management and seamless integration of all components, reducing the complexity and cost of dealing with multiple suppliers. It also helps ensure that your storage systems meet all safety, performance, and regulatory requirements.

Conclusion: Building Reliable Storage Solutions for the Future

As industries continue to grow and evolve in the UAE, the demand for innovative and reliable storage solutions will only increase. By partnering with experienced steel fabrication companies in Sharjah and taking advantage of expert piping fabrication services, you can ensure that your storage systems are built to withstand the challenges of tomorrow.


Tuesday, 8 July 2025

The Critical Role of Chemical Injection Skids in Industrial Systems: Insights for the UAE Market

 When you think about the industrial systems that power oil and gas operations, water treatment plants, or even manufacturing units, one key component that often gets overlooked is the chemical injection skid. This equipment is crucial for safely and precisely injecting chemicals into a variety of systems, helping industries to run smoothly, efficiently, and safely. In this blog, we’re going to explore the importance of chemical injection skids, how they function, and why they are particularly relevant to industries in the UAE. Along the way, we’ll delve into how these systems align with the work of tank fabrication companies and the top steel fabrication companies in the UAE to create integrated industrial solutions.

chemical injection skid


What is a Chemical Injection Skid?

At its core, a chemical injection skid is a modular, self-contained unit that is used to inject chemicals into a process stream. These skids are designed to accurately dose and control the injection of chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, scale inhibitors, and other additives that are necessary for various industrial applications. Chemical injection skids are widely used in industries such as oil and gas, water treatment, petrochemical, and manufacturing to ensure the proper chemical treatment of liquids, gases, or solids.

The key benefit of using a chemical injection skid is the level of control and precision it offers. By utilizing advanced control systems and flow meters, these skids can inject chemicals at very specific rates, ensuring that the correct amount of chemical is introduced into the process at the right time. This minimizes waste, ensures efficiency, and helps companies meet safety and regulatory standards.

These systems are typically made from high-quality materials that can withstand the harsh chemicals being used. For example, stainless steel is a common material used for the components of the skid due to its resistance to corrosion and ability to handle high-pressure environments.

The Connection Between Chemical Injection Skids and Tank Fabrication Companies

Chemical injection skids are often part of a larger, integrated system that requires precise fabrication of components. Tank fabrication companies in the UAE are frequently involved in the design and manufacturing of storage tanks, pressure vessels, and other infrastructure that may be used in conjunction with chemical injection systems.


Read More:- STORAGE TANK MANUFACTURERS IN UAE DELIVERING INDUSTRIAL-GRADE SOLUTIONS


For example, in the oil and gas industry, chemical injection skids are used to inject inhibitors into pipeline systems to prevent corrosion. These systems are often paired with storage tanks designed by tank fabrication companies that hold the chemicals before they are injected. The tank must meet high standards to ensure that it can safely store potentially hazardous chemicals without risk of contamination or leakage. This is where the collaboration between chemical injection skid manufacturers and tank fabrication companies becomes crucial.

Tank fabrication companies play an essential role in ensuring that the tanks used in these systems are built to withstand the rigors of their respective industries. They are designed with precision and care to meet specific industry standards and regulations. The integration of these tanks with chemical injection skids ensures that chemicals can be stored safely and then injected into the process flow in a controlled manner, increasing the overall efficiency of the system.

The Role of Steel Fabrication Companies in UAE in Chemical Injection Skid Development

Steel fabrication is the backbone of many industrial systems, including chemical injection skids. The UAE is home to some of the top steel fabrication companies in UAE  that specialize in providing high-quality custom solutions for a variety of industrial applications. These companies are integral in designing and manufacturing the steel components of chemical injection skids.

Steel fabrication companies in the UAE provide crucial services in welding, cutting, and shaping steel to create the frames and structures of chemical injection skids. The steel components must be durable, corrosion-resistant, and capable of handling high-pressure systems—something that steel fabrication companies excel at.

For example, the skids' frames, piping systems, and valve housings all require high-strength steel to ensure that they can withstand the stresses and strains of the industrial environment. Fabrication companies in the UAE are highly skilled at delivering custom solutions that meet these demanding requirements, ensuring that the chemical injection skid functions reliably over its operational lifespan.

How Chemical Injection Skids Benefit Industries in the UAE

Chemical injection skids are a vital part of industrial systems across the UAE, playing a crucial role in industries like oil and gas, water treatment, petrochemicals, and power generation. But what exactly makes these skids so beneficial to businesses in the UAE?

1. Ensuring Efficiency and Precision

In industries such as oil and gas, where the margins for error are extremely tight, precision is essential. Chemical injection skids help maintain the right balance of chemicals, reducing waste and ensuring optimal system performance. By maintaining the correct chemical dosing, businesses can prevent issues such as corrosion, scale build-up, and microbial growth that can cause costly shutdowns and repairs.

2. Enhancing Safety

Chemical injection systems are designed to be safe, preventing hazardous chemicals from being improperly mixed or dispensed. With safety protocols built into the design, the risk of chemical spills or dangerous leaks is minimized. This is particularly important in the UAE, where industries such as oil and gas operate in high-risk environments.

3. Meeting Environmental Standards

The UAE has strict environmental regulations, particularly in the oil and gas and petrochemical industries. Chemical injection skids can help companies meet these standards by controlling the amount of chemicals used in each process, thus reducing the environmental impact of industrial activities. With a focus on sustainability, businesses can reduce chemical waste and emissions, aligning with global standards for environmental responsibility.


Read More:- BERG ENGINEERING’S COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTIONS


4. Customization for Specific Needs

Every industrial operation is different, and so are the chemicals that need to be injected. Chemical injection skids are customizable to meet the unique needs of each project. Whether you require a skid to inject corrosion inhibitors into oil pipelines or biocides into water treatment systems, chemical injection skids can be designed to fit the specific operational requirements, giving businesses the flexibility to meet their needs.

Trends Shaping the Future of Chemical Injection Skids in the UAE

The chemical injection skid market in the UAE is expected to evolve as industries continue to advance. Several trends are emerging that are likely to shape the future of these systems:

1. Automation and Remote Monitoring

The future of chemical injection skids is likely to see further automation and integration with digital control systems. By incorporating sensors and remote monitoring capabilities, companies will be able to track chemical usage and flow rates in real-time. This will enhance operational efficiency and reduce the need for manual intervention, offering businesses greater control over their chemical injection systems.

2. Sustainability in Chemical Usage

As industries become more environmentally conscious, there is an increasing demand for sustainable chemical injection practices. Chemical injection skids that can minimize chemical consumption while maintaining system integrity are becoming more popular. Additionally, companies are looking for ways to recycle chemicals and reduce waste, which will likely influence the design of future chemical injection systems.

3. Integration with Smart Technology

The integration of smart technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into chemical injection skids could help predict the optimal timing and dosage of chemicals. This will allow for further efficiencies and cost savings while ensuring that systems run smoothly without unnecessary chemical waste.


Conclusion

Chemical injection skids are essential to the functioning of various industrial systems in the UAE, playing a key role in ensuring safety, efficiency, and precision. By understanding how these skids integrate with tank fabrication and steel fabrication companies, businesses can appreciate the intricate processes involved in creating reliable, high-quality chemical injection systems. As industries in the UAE continue to grow and evolve, the role of chemical injection skids will only become more critical in maintaining sustainable and efficient operations.

For industries looking to optimize their processes, partnering with the top steel fabrication companies in the UAE, tank fabrication specialists, and chemical injection skid manufacturers will be crucial to future success. These collaborations will ensure that companies are well-equipped to meet the challenges of tomorrow while maintaining high standards of performance and safety.

FAQs

1. What is the purpose of a chemical injection skid?
A chemical injection skid is used to inject chemicals into various industrial systems to treat fluids, prevent corrosion, control scale buildup, or disinfect. It ensures precise chemical dosing and is essential for maintaining the efficiency and safety of industrial operations.

2. How do chemical injection skids enhance industrial safety?
Chemical injection skids improve safety by controlling the precise amount of chemical injected into a system, preventing hazardous chemical spills and leaks. Their design includes safety features such as pressure relief valves and sensors to avoid dangerous situations.

3. Can chemical injection skids be customized for specific needs?
Yes, chemical injection skids can be fully customized to meet the specific requirements of different industries, such as oil and gas, water treatment, or petrochemicals. They can be designed to handle various chemicals and integrate with existing system controls.

4. How do tank fabrication companies in the UAE contribute to chemical injection skids?
Tank fabrication companies in UAE are responsible for manufacturing the storage tanks that hold the chemicals before they are injected. These tanks must meet high-quality standards to ensure the safe and efficient storage of potentially hazardous substances.

5. What trends are shaping the future of chemical injection skids in the UAE?
Automation, remote monitoring, sustainability, and the integration of smart technologies are key trends that are shaping the future of chemical injection skids. These advancements are expected to improve operational efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance system performance.

The Importance of Piping Spool Fabrication in the UAE: How It Shapes Industrial Projects

  In the bustling industrial landscape of the UAE, efficiency and precision are key. Whether you're involved in construction, oil and ga...